Informative speech outline Essay - 1391 Words

Title: Suicide Among Teenagers Specific purpose: To inform my audience on some of the causes on teen suicides. I. Introduction A. Attention Material: It has been verified on April 19th, 2013 by the Center for Disease Control that for youths between the ages of 10-24, suicide is the third leading cause for death in the United States. (Center for Disease Control: Teen Suicide Statistics, Chart number 1) B. Tie to the audience: Teenagers taking their own life has always been an idea hard to fathom from many people, but I’m sure you guys would like to see teenage suicide from a whole different perspective to better understand what takes the victims of teen suicide to such a point of desperation. C. Credibility material: Death has†¦show more content†¦With a day like this, most high school student don’t get to bed until about 1 in the morning which leaves them with only 6 hours of sleep. 2. In Palo Alto High School, located in Palo Alto California there have been 7 teen suicides from May of 2009 to September 2011. (Teens, stress, and suicide: A day in the life, pg.1). 3. Students have no way out of the stressful lives they live. a. When there are incidents of suicides in high schools, the students are expected to return to school and perform like the normally would with maybe a maximum of a day to cope and possibly some form of counseling. b. But most students don’t even use these resources because they are afraid if they take any form of a break they will slack off with their school work and their chances of a bright future are gone. 4. Some kids do commit suicide, but the ones who don’t can still take part in other destructive, self-harming activities such as cutting, drug and alcohol use, and many other self-harming activities. [Transition: Now after understanding how suicide and stress are related, I can explain to you how suicide and bullying are related.] B. There is a very strong link between bullying andShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline802 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction A. Thanks 1. Thanks professor Tuckerman for the introduction. B. Salutation 1. Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. C. Ethos 1. What increases heart rate, causes sleep disturbance, makes people cry, act violent, makes some people sleep more and causes untold aches and pains? It s Wednesday! Six hours of homework to do, babysit the little sister, feed the dog, cut the grass, oh and lets not forget your boyfriend is being a jerkRead MoreInformative Speech Outline2182 Words   |  9 Pageswithout stating to whom these ideas or statements belong to. A student suspected of plagiarism can be given a zero mark, and possibly fail the entire course. Assessment: Impromptu speech 10% Informative speech (15% speech, 5% outline) 20% Show and Tell Poster Session (10% speech, 10% poster) 20% Assignment : Group Interaction 10% Final Examination 40% __________________________________________________________________ Total 100% Read MoreInformative Speech Outline1598 Words   |  7 PagesSamantha Audiffred Honors Comm 110 Marieke Spiegelhoff Informative Speech Outline 25 February 2015 Audience Analysis ( ½ page)   Ã‚  Ã‚   The target audience for the informative speech is the honors communication 110 class and the professor. The class makeup is eight males and twelve females for the 20 students. This is a required course for all students attending UW-Whitewater; therefore, the majors and interests of the students will vary greatly. After an activity polling the class, the most popular ofRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline937 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Murray Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how Communication Technology is now the face to face human communication; instant, easily accessible and more convenient but you lose a sense of warmth and meaning when all your communication is conducted electronically. Central idea: Humans have always communicated face-to-face and the use of technology poses cognitive obstacles to communication. The lack of human presence during technology-mediatedRead MoreOutline Informative Speech1491 Words   |  6 PagesNAME : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid CLASS : 12 DBM SUBJECT : Outline Informative Speech SPECIFIC PURPOSE : to inform my audience about Deja Vu CENTRAL IDEA : to inform my audience about the theory of Deja Vu. Including what, how and the effect about Deja Vu . INTODUCTION: Attention Getter : I can’t remember any things well while I thought something happened to me, I feel like I ever seen something but I don’t know when it was or where it was. And I also feel like I’ve been somewhere but I don’tRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline1006 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Final Draft Outline I. Introduction A. Attention getter: How many you have ever had a car accident or someone you care about had a car accident? B. Background and Audience Relevance: According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2015, about thirty-five hundred people were killed, and four hundred thousand were injured in car crashes. Oral Citation 1: NHTSA, govt website, 2015. C. Speaker credibility: Many of my close family members have been in car accidentsRead MoreOutline Informative Speech1502 Words   |  7 PagesNAME : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid CLASS : 12 DBM SUBJECT : Outline Informative Speech SPECIFIC PURPOSE : to inform my audience about Deja Vu CENTRAL IDEA : to inform my audience about the theory of Deja Vu. Including what, how and the effect about Deja Vu . INTODUCTION: Attention Getter : I can’t remember any things well while I thought something happened to me, I feel like I ever seen something but I don’t know when it was or where it was. And I also feel like I’ve been somewhere but I don’t know whenRead MoreInformative Speech Outline1175 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline Speech 131 Author’s Note: This research is being submitted for Title: Taxes Made Easy! Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about how to use the 1040EZ tax form. Central Idea: Today, I hope to make tax season easier for you by demonstrating to you how easy it is to fill out and file the 1040EZ income tax form, if you qualify. Introduction Stanton Delaplane once joked about the IRS, saying he heard it had suggested a simplified tax form with onlyRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline1066 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction a. Attention Material a. Raise your hand if you have or are currently working retail. b. According to Quentin Fottrell, from Market Watch, â€Å"Nearly 4 out of 5 U.S. students†¦ work while in school.† b. Tie to Audience a. Many of you have most likely experienced working retail or know someone who has. c. Credibility a. I recently worked 9 months in Bath and Body Works, so I am well aware of all of the horrors of working in retail. d. Thesis a. Working inRead MoreInformative Speech Outline1104 Words   |  5 PagesBCOM-3950 October 21, 2015 Informative speech outline Specific Purpose: To inform the audience how to enhance credibility when making conversation at work-related social events. Central Idea: To inform my classmates how to enhance credibility when making conversation at work-related social event by engaging in a conversation, being honesty, and keep confidences. Introduction: I. Today I would like to inform you on how to enhance your credibility when making conversation at work-related

Rock and Roll Music Change Popular Culture i Essay Example For Students

Rock and Roll Music Change Popular Culture i Essay How did rock and roll music change popular culture in the post-war years? Since its rise to popularity in the United States in the late sass and early sass, rock and roll music has played an enormous role in influencing several different genres of music in this modern day and age. The makings of a new, fresh, and exciting kind of music came to be as a result of the strong combination of two very important things: technology and popular culture. With the unorthodox Juxtaposition of different influences from blues, country, rhythm n blues, folk, and gospel music name the birth of not Just a new genre of music, but a whole new way of life for many. What initially started off as simply a musical style wound up influencing lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language and syntax the main reason for this being that it took advantage of the impressionability of that times youth. Most importantly, however, was its impact on the popular culture of the post- World War II world. Rock and roll changed popular culture in the post-war years by causing the birth of a new social class of youth, encouraging and fostering unity mongo the white and black races of the post-war United States, and lastly, bringing an economic boom to the United States which, indirectly yet more importantly, developed its music industry. Although some may regard rock and roll as simply a genre of music, its emergence, in fact, caused the birth of an entirely new subculture of American youth, as well as a way of life. What was special about the birth of rock and roll music was that, unlike many other genres of music, it engrossed and caught the attention many teenagers (which were by far the most important and receptive age group at the mime). It formed an entirely new social category of youth (anyone between the ages of 12 and 18 years old) and would continue on to make an enormous impact on the rest of the United States of America and even the world. These teenagers all needed their own cultural place in which to start new trends, be creative, and let their imaginations run free rock and roll, much like many other styles of music, was very well capable of crafting such a place And proved to be the answer to their needs. One thing that helped form this cultural place was that parents of teenagers were opportune of their children in their explorations of rock and roll. They permitted their children to buy and share the music in their post-war success, and thus made it possible for the young to purchase the merchandise they needed. It also helped that this merchandise was highly accessible to teenagers. After seeing that an independent culture of youth was forming, it was evident that rock and roll soon became more than Just a genre which people enjoyed listening to. How Did Rock and Roll Music Change Popular Culture in the Post-War Years? By dividable OLL music and culture appeared to reach the same height of popularity in other western countries as in the United States implies that there was more to it than it simply being a genre of music. Although it may be true that it was common for American goods to be highly recognized and popularized in post-war western European nations, what was so wonderfully strange and special about the adoption of rock and roll music and culture was that the youth in these countries were not at all acquainted with the roots (rhythm n blues and country) which rock and roll was mainly based on and had originated from. 5] Because rock and roll was, in essence, the blending of predominantly black- influenced music with predominantly white-influenced music, the audiences and fans of both genres were brought together with the birth of rock and roll. .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda , .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .postImageUrl , .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda , .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda:hover , .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda:visited , .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda:active { border:0!important; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda:active , .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea452502400e8d5b34c2465c8293ddda:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Climate Change and Evolution EssayThe surfacing of rock and roll can be attributed to mixing and integration of Americans of different ethnic backgrounds from different parts of the country during World War II. White and black musical forms came at a crossroads, and rhythm n blues influences were becoming more and more apparent in country music and vice-versa rock and roll came as a result of this. It is safe to say, however, that rhythm n blues played a fairly larger part in the sound and style of rock and roll than country did. Rock and roll contained fairly many typical black-sounding beats, as well as a distinct feeling of blues and the enthusiasm of black gospel. Arguably the most noteworthy influence of rhythm n blues on rock and roll music was its blunt directness about sexuality. For the most part, the lyrics of rock and roll tended to skip the euphemisms of love and attraction and generally went right into (oftentimes a little too much) the core of matter. 8] Although record companies and producers would initially be tentative and doubtful of producing rock and roll records due to the restraints of racial barriers, these doubts and fears of record producers soon subsided after seeing the exponentially rising popularity of rock and roll among both black and white audiences alike. Once the obstacle of racial discomfort was eliminated, nothing could stop the rising success of rock and roll. 9] After World War II, the United States experienced an economic boom which benefited not only its economy, but i n addiction indirectly helped its music industry develop in many different directions. At the end of the war, the United States had won, peace prevailed, and money was in high supply. It was a good time for Americans, and the new atmosphere and mood helped the music industry greatly. During the mid to late sass, the United States witnessed great progress in terms of technology, recording and playing techniques, and style. 1 1] In 1945, Less Paul, a pioneer of the electric guitar and the inventor of the now extremely well known Gibson Less Paul electric guitar, invented echo delay and multi- tracking, a studio recording technique that is still used by producers worldwide in ACH instrument (including vocals) at separate times, to ensure the best possible sound and performance from each band member. One of the most important musical inventions of the sass was created by engineers at Columbia Records: the 12-inch vinyl phonograph record. The first manufactured records were played at 78 RPM (revolutions per minute) and as a result could only hold about a maximum of eight to ten minutes of music. However, later on, larger and slower-playing records were manufactured thus allowing a little bit more than a half-hours music to be played on each side of the disc. Out of these new records spawned the idea of the album as opposed to the single. Musicians were able to record several songs on a 12 vinyl record as supposed to Just one or two songs on each side. 13] The idea of the album has remained strong over the last forty years and although compact discs exist and music can be downloaded off of the Internet, vinyl records are still mass-produced and sold even today. In conclusion, it is evident that rock and roll had a profound impact on post-war popular culture. We may not know it, but even in the world today, we hear and see influences of rock and roll music and culture in the media and on the radio on a daily basis. It changed popular culture in that it caused the birth of a new social class of youth, encouraged and fostered unity among the white and black races of the post- war United States, and lastly, brought an economic boom to the United States which, indirectly yet more importantly, developed its music industry. Rock and roll has changed peoples perspectives on music and pop-culture, and is the basis of many popular fads and trends now and, even forty years later after its birth and emergence, old and young alike still immensely appreciate the timeless music and culture that is rock and roll.

The Potential Effects of a Depleted Ozone Layer Essay Example For Students

The Potential Effects of a Depleted Ozone Layer Essay And God said, let there be light and there was light and then God saw thelight, that it was good ( Genesis 1: 3-4 ). Undoubtedly, light is good. Without light man could not survive. Light is the ultimate cosmic force in thisuniverse allowing man to progress and flourish. In the form of heat, light fromthe sun warms the Earth. Light, also, is the single most important factorinfluencing the growth and development of plants. Photosynthesis, a process bywhich plants incorporate light from the sun, allow plants to botanically growand survive. Certain forms of light are harmful and thus can be said are bad. We will write a custom essay on The Potential Effects of a Depleted Ozone Layer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A natural umbrella called the ozone layer protects the Earth and its inhabitantsby screening out this harmful light. For millions of years ozone has beenprotecting the earth by absorbing ultraviolet or bad radiation from the sun (Rowland, 1992, p.66 ). This natural umbrella protecting mankind has recentlysuffered the effects of industrialized society. This ozone shield isdissipating and the cause is laid primarily to man made chemicals( Bowermaster et al, 1990, p.27 ). If enough of these man madechemicals are released, the ozone layer would be weakened to such an extentthat it does not filter out the suns invisible and dangerous ultraviolet rays ( Jones, 1992, p.36 ). Such a scenario would drastically alter society and theenvironment. Ozone depletion has been described as potentialcatastrophe and a planetary time bomb ( Way, 1988, p.9 ). The four mainareas affected by a depleted ozone layer and thus by the corresponding increasein harmful ultraviolet radiation are agricul ture, wildlife, the environment, andhuman health. A depleted ozone layer has a profoundly negative and potentiallydevastating effect on humanity and its surroundings. From an agricultural perspective, a diminished ozone layer poses greatrisks. Since mans evolution from man the hunter and gatherer to man the foodproducer , mankind has grown ever more dependent on his surroundings. In thecase of food production man relies greatly on these surroundings. The land onwhich man attempts to grow food for himself, and certainly for others as well,has sufficed for thousands of years. The crops grown on his land have providedthousands with food to eat in the ancient world, millions with food to eat inthe medieval world, and billions with food to eat in the present world. Regrettably, there have always been times of hunger and shortages. Morefrighteningly, in the present world man is confronted with a population boomwhich is burgeoning near the six billion mark. It is now more important thanever to protect, maintain, and hopefully increase the amount of food grown. Oneof the drawbacks of industrialization has been the significant depletion of theozone layer. This depletion could have an incredibly devastating impact on theworld and more specifically agriculture. In general, plants are quitesensitive and fragile when confronted with ultraviolet increases ( Zimmer,1993, p.28 ). Words such as sensitivity and fragility only add to the urgency ofthe possible agricultural holocaust. One agricultural scientist remarked, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, potatoes, corn, beans, and wheat are all especiallysensitive to UV light ( Jones, 1992, p.39 ). Since most of the mentioned cropsare considered cash crops the economic aspect of lower crop yields could alsospel l disaster. Food supplies are surely in jeopardy when taking in to accountthat more than two thirds of the plant species mainly crops tested fortheir reaction to ultraviolet light have been found to be damaged by it ( Leanet al, 1990, p.97 ). An increase in ultraviolet light radiating towards plantsaccelerates the pace at which man must decide what to do with the dilemma of abooming and more importantly hungry population. Conceedingly, plants, as anyelement of life, have been known to adapt to contemporary and dangerous changesin its surroundings but it cannot be dismissed that UV radiation can alsomutate the genes of plants which are the fundamental building blocks of alllife ( Bowermaster et al, 1990, p.44 ). Interference with the foundations oflife can also lead to calamity and more importantly a yet foreseen and unknowncalamity. In 1988, then U.S. Interior secretary Donald Hoedel proposed copingwith ozone depletion by simply wearing

The purpose of this assignment is to compare stomatal densities of the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf Essays

The purpose of this assignment is to compare stomatal densities of the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf Essays The purpose of this assignment is to compare stomatal densities of the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf Essay The purpose of this assignment is to compare stomatal densities of the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf Essay This assignment of stomata is also relevant to my AS biology course as stomata is a key factor in transpiration of plants, and transpiration and the transport of water is a major section of the syllabus. This assignment will therefore help me to understand why transpiration occurs and how the stomata affect it as stomatas activity is related to the rate of transpiration.It is said that in general, the greater the number of stomata per unit area, the greater the rate stomatal transpiration, however distribution and densities are also important.Stomata are pores in the epidermis layer, which is found in the mesophyll spongy layer of the leaf. They are found mainly in leaves, but also in stems.There are two main functions of stomata1. To allow gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the inside of a leaf and the surrounding atmosphere When the stomata are open, carbon dioxide diffuses into the sub-stomata air chambers and then into the intercellular spaces between mesophyl l cells. When it comes into contact with the wet surface of a cell it goes into solution and diffuses into the cytoplasm. Oxygen travels via the same route but the opposite way.2. To permit the escape of water vapour from the leaf this is the evaporation of water vapour from spaces in the mesophyll cells of the leaf otherwise known as transpiration.The diagram below shows a vertical section through a stoma.Each stoma is bordered with two semicircular guard cells whose movements due to changes in water content, control the size of the stomata by changes in their turgidity.If water is drawn into the guard cells by osmosis the cells expand and their turgidity is increased. . But they do not expand uniformly in all directions. The thick, inelastic inner wall makes them bend. The result is that the inner walls of the two guard cells draw apart from each other and the pore opens creating the stoma. Stomata and changes in turgidity can be seen very clearly under an electron microscope. (A diagram of stomata under an electron microscope is presented later on in the assignment)As noted before stomata activity affects the rate of transpiration, but now more specifically, it is the turgidity of stomata determines is the main cause of transpiration. It is thought that in normal circumstances when a stoma opens the turgidity of the guard cells is increased by their taking up water from the surrounding epidermal cells but it is also know that the turgidity of the stomata is also affected by external factors of the particular environment, such as light, wind, and humidity.During the day stomata tend to be open, this is because the guard cells of the stoma become flaccid to light. This is important as it allows gaseous change of carbon dioxide and oxygen to take place for photosynthesis of the plant. This can be investigated by means of a perometer, an instrument for measuring the resistance to the flow of air through a leaf. If you attach a perometer to a leaf and take meas urements of its resistance to airflow at intervals, you will find that there is a generally less resistance during daylight hours than at night. This is because the stomata open during the day and close at night.For wind, in still air, a highly saturated air shield builds up around the stoma. Air movement will sweep this layer away, which decreases the humidity of the stomata therefore increasing transpiration also a xeromorphic feature of some leaves is the presence of sunken stomata, the stomata grooves into the epidermis which then a high humidity can build up inside the stoma and reduce transpiration rates. An increase in temperature also has an effect as the guard cells become more flaccid thus increasing the capacity of the stoma therefore increasing transpiration rates.A main factor that affects the distribution and densities of stomata is the type of plant. There are two main types of plants, monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous.Monocotyledonous (monocot) or more modern lilii dae, have leaves that have parallel veins and therefore do not grow to a large size. Also their leaves are held vertically rather than horizontally, which affect where the stomata is distributed and thus the densities, leafs of a moncotylic nature therefore have equal stomatal densities on both upper and lower epidermis.Dicotyledonous (dicot) otherwise known as magnoliidae, has branched veins and therefore can grow very large leafs. Their leaves grow horizontally and as a result most or all of the stomata are found on the lower epidermis. This is because of the cuticle found on the upper epidermis. If there was no cuticle, stomata wouldnt be necessary as gaseous exchange would be much more efficient, however, then transpiration could not be controlled. This is because a waxy cuticle reduces water loss but further control is exercised by stomata. It is estimated that about 90% of the water absorbed by the roots of the plant is lost by the leaves in transpiration.An example of a monoc ot leaf is one of a maize plant. On the table below this monocot plant is compared to a dicot leaf- an oak tree leaf.Upper epidermisLower epidermisOak leaf- dicot045000Maize leaf- monocot52006800You can clearly see that the monocot leaf has similar stomatal densities and the dicot has contrasting results.The leaf I will be studying is a dicotyledonous type so based on all of my research I predict that there will be a greater number of stomata on the lower epidermis of my leaf.The plan:The aim of this investigation is to try and count the number of stomata on both sides of the leaf and then compare the results, therefore a method has to be devised to try and view the number of stomata. Viewing a leaf under a light microscope does not allow the number of stomata to be counted, as this microscope is not powerful enough. Therefore an alternative would be to get an imprint of the leaf. This can be done by painting the upper and lower leaf with clear nail varnish and then this imprint of the stomata can be seen and counted under the light microscope.FAIR TESTTo make this experiment a fair test, I will conduct the experiment on different areas on both sides of the leaf to see if this affects the density of stomata. Also four different people will count the number of stomata, so to get an unbiased number and then to calculate an average.The stomata in the field of view will only be counted, to ensure everyone is counting the same surface area. The same magnification of x 400 (high power) will be used when viewing under the microscope.The apparatus used included:- Nail varnish- A leaf- 2 glass slides and cover slips- A light microscope- TwistersMETHOD Using the eyepiece graticule.To do this, you need to have a scale (graticule) in position in your eyepiece, so that it can be seen when you look down the microscope. The scales are usually on small circular pieces of glass or acetate.1. To insert the graticule scale in your eyepiece, remove the eyepiece lens from the mic roscope and carefully unscrew the top lens.2. If you look down into the lens body, you will see a ledge running round the sides about half way down, drop the scale into the lens body so that it rests on the ledge. Then replace the lens. N.B it doesnt matter if the scale is upside down but if it annoys you then unscrew the lens again and turn the scale over.3. When you look through the microscope, you should see the scale overlying your specimen.4. To calibrate the scale, you need to use a stage micrometer. This can be a special slide with a scale engraved on it. It usually consists of a scale 1cm long, which is divided into 100 units, each of which is 0.1mm (100 um) there is an extended line every 10th unit.To calibrate the eyepiece scale1. Place the stage micrometer on the microscope stage and hold it down with the clips.2. Using the eyepiece lens with the scale in, look through the microscope and focus it so you see both scales clearly. This is usually easier if you focus your eye on the eyepiece scale and adjust the microscope so the stage comes into focus as well.3. Move the stage micrometer carefully so that the starting units of the two scales. Note down the number of divisions along each of the two scales that this represents as these represents 1 division on the eyepiece scale.4. The equation for this is:1 division on the eyepiece scale =No. Of coincided divisions X No. of divisions on the scale micrometer scaleX 10Number of divisions on the eyepiece graticule scaleAt x100 and x400 magnification the lines on the scale will have a definite thickness. It is important to measure from one side of one scale mark to the same side of the next coinciding mark.All my procedures of stomata count were done on high power therefore 1 division on the eyepiece scale = 3.5 um.When you measure another specimen, you will already have the calibration figures so all you have to do is count how many eyepiece scale divisions your specimen covers, and multiply that by the ca libration factor for tat objective lens.Method for determining stomatal density1. Apply nail varnish onto a section of the leaf2. Allow 2 minutes for nail varnish to dry and gently peel off varnish with twisters, bringing the varnish, which has an imprint of the surface of the leaf. Nail varnish was used instead of cello tape to gather an imprint because as the varnish is liquid it can mould and fill every space around the stomata on the surface, therefore creating an accurate and clear imprint to show. Cello tape might not fill every space therefore missing out stomata, which results in an incorrect perception of the stomata densities.3. Place the peeled nail varnish onto a slide with the imprint side up, add 1 drop of water and apply cover slip on top.Then the stomata are ready to be calculated.RESULTSEyepiece graticule calibration calculations.I found that 3.5 micrometers coincided with every graticule division to give 1 division of the eyepiece graticule. To calculate one divisi on on the eyepiece scale I followed to following equation:Therefore if I followed the equation:Field or areaStomata count of 4 peopleAverage117, 17, 20, 1817 + 17 + 20 + 18 / 4= 18211, 11, 11, 1211320, 19, 19, 2020Total average stomata count18, 11, 20 / 316RESULTS OF STOMATA DENSITY COUNTS. My groups results.Lower epidermis stomata count.Field or areaStomata count of 4 peopleAverage10, 0, 0, 00 + 0 + 0 + 0 / 4= 020, 0, 0, 0030, 0, 0, 00Total average stomata count0, 0, 0, / 30Upper epidermis stomata count.Now the average stomata count of both sides of the leaf have been calculated, I can now calculate the stomata density as numbers of stomata per cm2.To do this I first needed to calculate the area of the field view in cm2.This answer will then be used in the calculation of the radii of the field of view to calculate stomata per cm2.CALCULATIONS OF STOMATAL DENSITY AS NUMBERS OF STOMATA / CMà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The formulae to calculating the area of acircle isr = 45 x 3.5r = 157.51000r = 0.15 7510= 0.01575? X (0.01575) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½= 0.000779310.0007793= 1283.21283.2 x =After I calculated how many stomata per cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ where in my field of view, I gathered the calculated results from the other groups constructed a table.GroupNo. Of stomata per cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on the upper epidermisNo. Of stomata per cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on the lower epidermis113537958Mine020, 5313010, 266442811, 5495021, 1736054057245815, 641807699921656561053221, 814AVERAGE49912, 769The graph below shows the comparison of the average upper and lower epidermis data for the whole 10 groups.The graphs below show my results for the comparison of stomata per cm2.The Chi squared test.This is a simple statistical test, which looks at the difference between observed and expected values as data and then relates them to a probability level. This makes it possible to identify how likely it is that the values are significantly different or similar.The formula for the chi squared test is as follows:The ? is the Gree k O is the observed valueletter Chi. E is the expected valueThe top part of the formula for ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ considers the size of the difference between the observed and expected values. This difference could be either positive or negative. To avoid the mathematical problems associated with negative values, the difference is squared.The bottom part of the formula relates the size of the difference to the magnitude of the number involved. The sigma ? sum symbol is required because there is not just one pair of observed and expected values but several (in this case 2)From background research, I found out that the expected values of percentage stomata densities for the upper and lower epidermis on a monocot leaf is:Upper 7%Lower 93%My observed values wereUpper 4% 499/ (total) 13268 x 100 = 3.8% to nearest integer 4%Lower 96% 12769/ 13268 x 100 = 96.2% = 96%UpperLowerE = 700O = 499E = 9300O = 12769O E = -201O E = 3469(O E) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 40401(O E) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ =12033961(O E) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 40401=E 700= 57.71(O E) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 12033961=E 9300= 1293.97? = 57.71 + 1293.97 = 1351.69?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 1351.69There is one more thing that needs to be added to the chi squared test, which is the degree of freedom.This relates a critical value to your chi squared values to show if there is a significant difference in the densities of stomata on the upper and lower epidermis or if it was just by chance.The degree of freedom is calculated = the number of categories minus oneIn this case it is 2 1 = 1.The critical value at one degree of freedom according to a standard calculated table of chi squared results is 3.84.If your chi ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ value is greater than or equal to the critical value then there is a significant difference between the observed and expected values.As you can see my chi ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ value is way above the critical value so there is a significant difference between my observed and expected values.The diagram below shows an image of stomata.From the book of where I received this image I measured the stomata to be 11 mm long. To calculate the magnification of this image youSize of image / actual size= X100DISCUSSIONThe conclusions I can gather from my results are that there is a higher percentage density of stomata on the lower epidermis and on the higher epidermis. You can see from my graphs that the lower epidermis had a density of 12769 stomata/cm2, which contained 96% of the stomata counted and the upper had a density of 499 stomata/cm2 , which contained 4% of all the stomata counted. This therefore proves my prediction correct.These results have also proved biological significance based on my research in the introduction. My results have proven that with a monocot leaf there is a higher stomata density percentage on the lower epidermis as these leaves are horizontally held and not vertically, a cuticle would have formed on the upper epidermis. This would affect the stomata density, as the main function of stomata gaseo us exchange, would be disturbed by the cuticle, so the stomata are located on the lower epidermis to prevent excessive water loss, as they have no waxy cuticle to protect them, also monocot leaves are relatively thin so the exchange of CO2 and O2 can occur relatively quickly and easily through the stomata of the lower epidermis.The sources of error in my investigation could have been:The micrometer scale took a lot of time to focus on the eye, and kept on disappearing so it was hard to take an accurate measurement of anything underneath the microscope, also the scales can be badly and easily scratched making taking accurate measurements difficult.I would perform tests on leaves of which I know the name of so I can do background research of the leaf so I can make a precise prediction of stomata densities.Different people counted the number of stomata an error could have occurred if someone did not know what stomata looked like or became subjective on if or they did not look in the s ame field of view. To try and overcome this error everyone was shown what stomata looked like before the investigation.Although magnification was kept constant someone may have adjusted it. When peeling the nail varnish, it was difficult to peel it off completely with the twisters and was a chance of mixing up slides.Another similar experiment, which could be carried out, is using cobalt thiocyanate. In the anhydrous state cobalt thiocyanate is blue, but when hydrated it turns pink. A piece of cobalt thiocyanate paper is placed on each side of a leaf and sandwiched between two glass slides clamped together, and then a stop watch is to measure the time it takes for the cobalt thiocyanate to go pink as this indicates that water has escaped out of the leaf which would be through the stomata. The time varies in which the colour change takes place depending on the temperature and humidity. Generally at room temperature the pink colour develops more rapidly on the lower epidermis of the l eaf than upper surface, the reason being there are more stomata placed on the lower epidermis.Further investigations to do with the topic are to carry out tests on a greater variation of leaves, of different shapes, sizes, thickness and leaves (maybe dicot leaves) from different habitats to see what affect this would have on the densities of stomata on a leaf.

BASF

BASF has managed to focus its efforts on non-cyclical products to broaden its market base and increase the company’s growth potential globally.   The diversification and innovative technologies used by BASF has enabled it to sustain a large market presence, particularly in the non-cyclical product areas such as vitamins, crop protection, petrochemicals and plastics and fibers. In the past, vitamin companies were involved in a scandal with price fixing.   The scandal resulted in a loss in the market for all natural vitamins and many pharmaceutical products.   When BASF took over American Cyanamid the companies were able to produce herbicides that were competitive in price and betterment of crops.   Using this new process enabled BASF to get a jump on the vitamin competitors because the company was offering modified crops that were resilient against plant diseases, mildew and other harmful environmental factors. With the higher yielding plants, BASF is able to derive natural and quality ingredients needed to produce the vitamins and other pharmaceutical products.   Global competitors such as Roche have been challenged and no longer can claim the majority of the market with BASF’s innovative technologies as the new competition. In addition to the takeover of Cyanamid, BASF also took over the vitamin business from Takeda.   With the takeover, BASF has managed to capture the markets in Europe, North American and Asia.   Plans are being integrated for BASF to eventually takeover the pharmaceutical division of Takeda.   With the proposed changes, BASF could potentially corner the market on pharmacy drugs to compliment its already strong market presence for the vitamin industry. With growth and innovative technologies, BASF has been able to increase its market value for the vitamins and pharmaceuticals while decreasing the operating costs for the products.   This change in growth instills an even stronger presence in the market place for BASF.   Many of the primary ingredients that go into vitamins and nutritional supplements are produced by BASF thus reducing cost and making the company yield higher volumes of the products. In addition to crop protection, pharmaceutical plans and vitamin mergers, BASF has also focused its attention on the sale of petrochemicals.   BASF merged as a very strong market force for its colorants and finished products used in the automotive industry.   In this division of BASF record sells were achieved and anticipated to only increase in the following months and years.  Ã‚  Ã‚   BASF colors are of lasting quality and used as the primary protective coating for car dealers.   In addition, petrochemicals created by BASF have been used as safe and environmental friendly cleaning agents. Complimenting the development of environmentally friendly and easily disposable petrochemicals, BASF has used its innovative technologies to capture a wide range of the plastics and fibers market.   Many of BASF plastic and fibers are used as household products as well as in major companies.   Many of the plastic and fiber products manufactured by BASF are used for safe and quality packaging materials.   BASF focuses its efforts on producing plastics and fibers that are cost efficient to use for packaging materials as well as biodegradable has given BASF a jump on the market competitors for this part of the global market. As BASF continues to expand its resources into producing innovative and environmental friendly products, BASF is sure to do nothing but grow as a company.   Instead of focusing its investments and technologies strictly in one area, the company’s diversity enables BASF to obtain a substantial amount of profits in its non-cyclical parts of its operations. The company’s growth has been boosted tremendously.   The protection of crops, vitamin and pharmacy mergers, marketing of petrochemicals and increased environmentally friendly plastics and fibers has enabled BASF to not only be a diversified but also a competitive global company within the market place.

Does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy work best for Bipolar I or Bipolar Research Proposal

Does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy work best for Bipolar I or Bipolar II Disorder - Research Proposal Example Other aspects that were found to be common among bipolar II patients include interpersonal conflicts, breakdown of families and instability in marriage (Marneros and Goodwin, 2005, p. 95). What a psychotherapist is supposed to realize is that, people who have a high risk of falling from grace are those with a bi-polar disorder. They are also most likely to get into problems because of failing to adhere to advice or due to the state of their moods. This may lead them into several behaviors that may be risky. It is however paramount for any given psychotherapist to realize that some patients may be required to fail for quite a while before learning from their mistakes and acquiring mastery. Therefore, important nuances for management are being able to leave the door open for the patient to come back at another stage or showing a certain level of leniency in the course of psychotherapy. This is suitable rather than doing away with psychotherapy to someone who seems not to be compliant ( Yatham, 2010, p. 350). Nonetheless, since a bipolar disorder may be progressive with the accumulation of episodes, and it may readily show response to interventions been done at a period early enough during the sickness, attempts to engage patients in treatment early enough are of paramount importance. Moreover, a set of problem strategies that are family based, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal have been detailed to apply to those who have the condition of bipolar II (Yatham, 2010, p. 350). Arguments have been put forth in support of the well being plans for patients with bipolar II disorder. The axiom ‘knowledge of power’ is the underlying one for the strategies. It is observed that the often-used strategies are ensuring enough sleep, being able to manage stress, being aware of early warning triggers and signs, taking suitable medication and seeking relevant professional support (Yatham, 2010, p. 350). It is therefore in the scope of this research to establish whether Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) works well for Bipolar I or Bipolar II. Research Questions There are three research questions in this study: The first one is what is the comparison between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders; the second one is how does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy work for bipolar I and bipolar II; and lastly, between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder, which one appears to have Cognitive Behavioral Therapy working better for? Research Hypothesis The first hypothesis reveals that using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy will lead to significant outcomes for the case of bipolar I than bipolar II. On the other hand, according to the null hypothesis, there will be no significant difference between the outcomes of using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in bipolar I and bipolar II. Basis and Purpose of the Research The basis of this research is to ensure that answers have been provided for the above hypotheses to the extent of the effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. The research is particularly intended to find out whether Cognitive

Understanding of the Relevant Literature on the Skills Managers Dissertation

Understanding of the Relevant Literature on the Skills Managers Require in the 21st Century - Dissertation Example Understanding of the Relevant Literature on the Skills Managers Require in the 21st Century However, it is important to remember that the present age has new facets that are critical for the company’s success. Businesses nowadays are strongly influenced by globalisation and technological innovation. Hence, in order for managers to be effective, they must be capable of managing the forces that has characterized the new century. Moreover, since the new business age is very dynamic, it is therefore important for the managers of today to be more nimble and agile in order to anticipate and act quickly on the changes before they are pushed into obsolescence. That way, they can capture opportunities as they are realized or defend against threats as they emerge. Moreover, globalisation has demanded that managers become able to manage a diverse workforce as more and more companies are expanding overseas (Khatri and Ong, 1999). Hence there has been an increase in the demands of managers to go beyond their talents and skills to ensure that they are able to innovate themselves s ince this is basically the game that companies and managers have to play in the 21st century. The new century has offered new and exciting challenges for businesses all over the world. The massive improvements in technology have greatly helped in the advancement of communications and information capabilities of countries, companies and individuals worldwide. Basically, this has put an end to the industrial age and heralded the information age which has even brought to fore a new breed of employees, the knowledge workers. These people have radically changed the manner of doing things wherein the office hours as well as office spaces have been practically taken out of the equation (Serrat, 2008). This is all the more demanding if the company is trying to get and maintain a global presence since there is the inescapable need to source out manpower from the different countries from which they operate in as well as to be able to maintain this global workforce. Moreover, there has been a general shift from solely focusing on the financial indicators as the sole measure of the strat egic success of a company. Kaplan and Norton (2005) have shed light on the lack of capability of measuring the success of a company’s strategy by basing on the financials alone. According to these Harvard business thinkers, it is important to have a balanced view of the lagging as well as the leading indicators in order to properly gauge the company’s overall situation. Hence, they have brought forward the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in order to properly capture these indicators in their four perspectives which are the Learning & Growth, Internal Business Process, Customer and of course the Financial Perspective. All these provide a confluence of indicators for the company to properly analyze their situation and make changes, if necessary, in order to ensure that they remain on track with their targets. However, all these goes to show the increasing demands to the managers of the 21st century wherein there seems to be a shift towards the capability to multi-task and be ab le to adapt to the fast-paced and multicultural business environment of today. Aim The purpose of this paper is to